Angela Franks critically reviews a new biography of Margaret Sanger subtitled "A Life of Passion" by Jean H. Baker, which tries very hard to downplay Sanger's attachment to the eugenics movement, just as some try to downplay Jefferson's attachment to his slaves. Here's an excerpt explaining why you shouldn't believe she wasn't a racist:
The book’s treatment of the population-control movement reveals a
similar failure to understand the history of eugenics. Baker writes that
by the late 1920s, Sanger “had determined that population experts,
like eugenicists, were emerging as an expanding pool of potential
supporters.” In fact, population experts were eugenicists,
plain and simple. Beginning with the first to use the term “eugenics,”
Francis Galton (1822–1911), down through the eugenicists with whom
Sanger worked in the 1920s through the 1960s, all early population
“experts” were eugenicists. The discipline of demography was shot
through with eugenic assumptions. As feminist and Marxist historian
Linda Gordon observed, “The eugenics people slid into the population
control movement gracefully, naturally, imperceptibly … There was
nothing to separate the two movements because there was no tension
between their two sorts of goals.”
Why were the two movements so closely aligned? The key can be found
in a popular slogan of the eugenics/population-control crowd: “Quality,
not quantity.” Eugenicists believed that, in order to improve the race,
fewer people (only the so-called “fit”) should reproduce. In its 1927 Buck v. Bell decision,
written by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., the Supreme Court ruled that
compulsory sterilization of the “unfit” was allowable under the
Constitution, enabling American states to sterilize, on a far greater
scale, those citizens deemed unfit, without their consent and sometimes
even without their knowledge. (In the end, a majority of states allowed
for involuntary sterilization, leading to over 60,000 sterilizations
by 1967.) Between birth control and involuntary sterilization, the
eugenics movement had a plan for dealing with the “unfit” in America.
But what to do about the great mass of people outside her borders? As
Sanger confided in a letter to Clarence Gamble in 1940, India was “a
bottomless sink … They need birth control on a large scale and it should
be continually prodded into the national consciousness daily, hourly,
for at least five years.” The Rockefeller family, deeply immersed in
eugenics, financially supported the earliest eugenic population-control
organizations, such as the Population Council. This was done quietly,
however; as Frances Hand Ferguson, a former president of Planned
Parenthood in America, observed, “Certainly the Rockefellers didn’t want
to be known as a family who was telling little brown Indians not to
have babies.” Population control was a gussied-up eugenics—with a
passport.
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